Obese with higher FNDC5/Irisin levels have a better metabolic profile, lower lipopolysaccharide levels and type 2 diabetes risk

ABSTRACT Objective: Thus, the aim of this study was to compare if higher or smaller fibronectin type 3 domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5)/irisin levels are associated with inflammatory and metabolic markers, caloric/macronutrient intake, physical fitness and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk in obese middle-aged men, and also to correlate all variables analyzed with FNDC5/irisin. Subjects and methods: On the basis of a cluster study, middle-aged obese men (IMC: 31.01 ± 1.64 kg/m2) were divided into groups of higher and smaller levels of FNDC5/irisin. The levels of leptin, resistin, adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin 6 and 10 (IL6, IL10), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), glucose, insulin, glycated hemoglobin, insulin resistance and sensibility, lipid profile, risk of T2DM development, body composition, rest energy expenditure, caloric/macronutrient intake and physical fitness were measured. Results: The higher FNDC5/ irisin group presented improved insulin sensibility (homeostasis model assessment - sensibility (HOMA-S) (p = 0.01) and QUICKI index (p < 0.01)), insulin (p = 0.02) and triglyceride levels (p = 0.01), lower insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment - insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (p = 0.01), triglycerides/glucose (TYG index) (p = 0.02), neck circumference (p = 0.02), risk of T2DM development (p = 0.02), tendency to decrease serum resistin (p = 0.08) and significant lower LPS levels (p = 0.02). Inverse correlations between FNDC5/irisin and body weight (r −0.46, p = 0.04), neck circumference (r −0.51, p = 0.02), free fat mass (r −0.49, p = 0.02), triglycerides (r −0.43, p = 0.05) and risk of developing T2DM (r −0.61, p = 0.04) were observed. Conclusions: These results suggest that higher FNDC5/irisin levels in obese middle-aged men are related to a better metabolic profile and lower risk of T2DM development and serum LPS, a potential inducer of insulin resistance.

Efeito benéfico do exercício físico recreacional na susceptibilidade de infecções do trato respiratório superior / Beneficial effect of recreational exercise on the upper respiratory tract infection susceptibility

A regularidade do exercício físico de carga moderada pode diminuir a susceptibilidade as infecções do trato respiratório superior (ITRS), modulando a resposta do sistema imunológico nos praticantes. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar, durante 28 semanas, as respostas imunológicas crônicas com relação à contagem total e diferencial dos leucócitos circulantes, incidências de ITRS e cargas de treinamento em mulheres adultas recreacionalmente ativas. Participaram deste estudo 12 mulheres (23,4 ± 2,7 anos) praticantes de um programa recreacional de treinamento em voleibol (GVR); e 12 mulheres não ativas fisicamente (23,4 ± 2,7 anos) (GC). A percepção subjetiva de esforço e o volume do treino em minutos foram coletados ao final de cada sessão, obtendo assim as cargas internas de treinamento do GVR durante o período avaliado. Coletas sanguíneas para obtenção dos resultados referentes ao hemograma foram realizadas ao inicio do estudo (M1), após 14 semanas (M2) e após 28 semanas (M3). Um recordatório infeccioso foi aplicado semanalmente para obtenção dos índices de ITRS. Foram observados diminuições em monócitos e eosinófilos no GVR e nos neutrófilos do GC no M2; aumentos nos linfócitos no GVR e nos neutrófilos, monócitos e linfócitos do GC no M3; GVR apresentou aproximadamente 427% menos incidências de ITRS em comparação ao GC no período M2-M3 (0,12 ± 0,06 contra 0,58 ± 0,09 respectivamente). Conclui-se assim que o esporte coletivo recreacional, especificamente o voleibol praticado nessas condições, modulou positivamente o sistema imunológico promovendo consequente diminuição nos episódios de ITRS.

Regular moderate exercise can decrease susceptibility to upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), modulating the immune response in participants. The objective of this study was to assess over a period of 28 weeks the chronic immunological response in relation to total and differential leukocytes counts, incidence of URTI and training loads in recreationally active adult women. Twelve women (23.4 ± 2.7 years) who are engaged in a recreational volleyball program training (GVR) and twelve non-physically-active women (23.4 ± 2.7 years) (GC) participated in this study. The level of perceived exertion and training volume in minutes was collected at the end of each session to assess internal training load of GVR during the study. Blood samples were taken at the beginning of the study (M1), after 14 weeks (M2) and after 28 weeks (M3). An illness report was completed every week regarding incidence of URTI symptoms. The results shows decreases on monocytes and eosinophils in the GVR and on neutrophils in the GC in M2; increases on lymphocytes in the GVR and on neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes in the GC in M3; the GVR presented 427% less URTI symptoms during M2-M3 period in relation to GC in the same period (0.12 ± 0.06 to GVR and 0.58 ± 0.09 to GC). We conclude that physically active individuals engaged in regular and moderate exercise programs are less susceptible to URTI than physically non-active individuals. Therefore, collective recreational sports, specifically volleyball practice under these conditions, can improve the defense capabilities of the immunological system to guard against incidences of URTI.